Microplastics in dentistry: a hidden threat to environmental and clinical safety

In recent decades, the development of dentistry has gone hand in hand with the rapid progress of polymer chemistry. With each new generation of composites, adhesives, and disposable instruments, professionals have gained more convenient, durable, and technologically advanced materials. However, alongside this, a problem has emerged that long remained in the shadows: microplastics — tiny particles less than 5 mm in size, capable of invisibly circulating in the environment and infiltrating biological tissues. Today, they are considered one of the most concerning factors of environmental degradation, but increasing data also points to medical risks relevant to dentistry.

Modern scientific publications emphasize that the dental industry, despite its high standards of treatment safety and efficacy, is itself a source of microplastics. The issue is no longer narrowly environmental — it directly concerns the health of patients and professionals. Thus, the necessity for a comprehensive analysis of the problem becomes evident, including the mechanisms of microplastic formation, their migration pathways, and potential biological consequences.

Between clinical efficacy and environmental risks

Plastics have long permeated every aspect of dental treatment — from composite fillings to disposable suction tips. Their use has been driven by the pursuit of higher hygiene, procedural precision, and optimization of clinical protocols. Yet, it is precisely this ubiquity that makes the issue of microplastics so extensive.

It is reported that a key pathway for microplastic particles entering the environment is water: microdebris released during drilling, polishing, or grinding of composites is washed into sewage systems and, with minimal filtration, enters rivers and world oceans, where it persists for decades. Meanwhile, research in recent years has documented the presence of microplastics not only in natural aquatic systems but also in human bloodstreams, lung tissues, and internal organs, calling into question the assumption of complete biological inertness of such particles.

Scientific data: what current research reveals

In 2024, a study published in the journal Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety confirmed that common dental materials—primarily composites and various plastics used for impressions—release measurable amounts of microparticles under mechanical stress. This “incidental” generation of microdebris occurs even when clinical protocols are strictly followed, highlighting the systemic nature of the problem. The authors emphasize that even routine methods, such as resin-based restorations, contribute to environmental contamination.

Other studies, including those published in the World Academy of Sciences Journal, draw attention to the biological impact of microplastics — from triggering inflammatory responses to inducing oxidative stress. Although the clinical significance of these processes for dentistry is not yet fully established, laboratory data indicate the need for caution. This is particularly relevant for dentists who work daily with polymers and may be chronically exposed to the finest particles.

Voices of environmental organizations: the need to reassess practices

Alongside scientific research, the activity of environmental organizations is intensifying. The Plastic Pollution Coalition has published an analytical review drawing attention to common single-use consumables — gloves, masks, sterilization pouches. On one hand, they are an integral part of infection control; on the other, they generate a colossal volume of difficult-to-dispose plastic waste.

Experts suggest the dental community seek compromise solutions: adopt more sustainable alternatives, where possible, reduce reliance on excessive single-use instrumentation, improve waste sorting and filtration systems, and support the development of biodegradable dental materials.

Conclusions: dentistry’s responsibility toward the future

The issue of microplastics in dentistry is at an early stage of comprehension, yet it is already clear that the industry cannot remain a passive observer. The combination of clinical excellence and environmental responsibility is becoming the new norm, demanding that professionals develop a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of the materials they use.

For dentists today, it is important not only to master treatment skills but also to recognize that every clinical decision has long-term environmental and, potentially, biological consequences. Microplastics are integrating dentistry into the global conversation about the future of the planet and human health. A balance must be struck where maintaining high therapeutic standards does not conflict with caring for the environment and patient well-being.